...next President of the United States, and greatest drummer in the world apart from that bloke in Def Leppard.

Doktor Avalanche started life as a Boss DR55 'Doctor Rhythm' machine... but ours was always called 'Doktor Avalanche'.

That DR55 was a far more primitive device (even) than the DR55s of today. If we can remember rightly, it had only four sounds: kick, snare, rimshot and hi-hat. One mono output, of course. For programming, it had an eight-beat stave, and sequencing was performed by switching on the fly between the few patterns it would hold in RAM. The DR55 had no non-volatile memory or offload facility for storing these patterns when the power was off. Still, reprogramming it was quick enough, as it held so little. It certainly sounded primitive, the biggest problem being the inability to separately treat the sounds of kick and snare, which lacked any kind of attack... unless one turned the volume up to excruciating levels, which of course one did. It didn't sound bad, exactly, just ... primitive.

The Roland TR606 came next. A few more sounds, a bit more memory, and individual volume controls. We liked it. Eventually someone worked out that it was possible to drill holes in the back and gain individual outputs, but by then we had a

Roland TR808. In the early nineties, as acid house was developing a cult around this drum machine, it was suddenly very fashionable to riff along to TR808 sounds. We did that almost ten years earlier, when the cocktail drinking classes and the NME thought it was a bloody stupid idea. (One wet afternoon in the early eighties, we switched the Doktor to play the usual stuff but twice as fast. Hey presto! Drum'n'bass! This was interesting for about ten minutes. Even Cabaret Voltaire couldn't manage to make it interesting for much longer. Please don't tell us it's interesting now.)

The TR808 was really the first serious drum machine. The kick and snare still needed savage eq (and they didn't take kindly to it), the tom-toms were a complete waste of time, but otherwise it was a decent machine. Individual outputs, tunable drums, enough memory.
Ben Gunn once managed to press the TR808's dangerous red button as we were about to go onstage in Brussels, so Andrew had to reprogram the whole damn machine while everybody else was tuning their guitars up (slowly).

We had a Roland TR909 briefly. Its cymbal and hi-hat noises were the only major improvements on the TR808, as far as we can remember.

The Doktor was an Oberheim DMX by the time we made the first album. The Oberheim had a (relatively) huge memory, it would synchronise accurately to tape via FSK and the memory could be backed up reliably onto cassette. Each drum was tunable (inside), and Oberheim offered a few alternative sounds. Events could be programmed to happen around the beat, not just on it. The DMX would flam happily. We liked the Oberheim better than the LinnDrum, which was more expensive and sounded too sterile. The DMX kicks were a bit flabby, and the snare was maybe not quite tight enough; the tom-toms were good.
And a new age was dawning: soon it became possible to send the DMX back to the factory and have ... midi! put on it.

Unfortunately the midi retrofit was expensive. By the time 'Floodland' was being written, Andrew had spent all the ready cash on a computer and a sequencer, and was looking for a reasonably priced midi drum machine with a tighter snare drum. So he got a Yamaha RX5 for the snare sound (the kick was quite tight too) and wrote the album with that.

Having already abused the sampling delay units of that era (and some very complicated chains of painstakingly-tuned Drawmer gates) to trigger captured drum sounds, the first dedicated samplers were a godsend. Until then, even the AMS delay unit had a maximum seven seconds of memory, and that cost a fortune. A rare treat. Mostly we had only had access to Bel units with a couple of seconds at 8 bit resolution. Both had to be triggered by hand or audio key. By the time 'Floodland' was recorded, we had an

Akai S900 sampler. Like manna from heaven. Most of the drums on 'Floodland' came via the Akai. The DMX toms were resampled from the drum machine and off tape. Resampled RX5 kick, snare and hats formed the rest of the skeleton crew. We've been creating samples ever since, but we don't collect much any more; one encounters the same old samples circulating the globe under different names. Some of them sound suspiciously like they've been sampled off Sisters records.

It's been a long time since we changed one of the Doktor's standard voices. We've created and collected a lot of "special effects" drum sounds, but we don't use them live because the sound would vary too wildly from song to song. It's not a practical solution unless you have everything submixed with automation - or running off a tape machine, like certain electronic bands we know (and all of the very famous ones we don't know). They might as well just play the record. We like a bit of risk, and we like to be able to tinker with things from concert to concert.
The Akai S900 is still a perfectly fine drum sampler. Its grainy sound can be an advantage. We nevertheless upgraded to the

Akai S1000 sampler. This is still the core of the onstage Doktor. For recording we use an Akai S3200 in case we want to take a digital output. The various merits of these two samplers are discussed briefly on the Samplers page.
The live Doktor still uses the original Sequencer Plus sequencer program. Andrew uses this at home as well. Adam is a Logic user.

The first computer used for the Doktor's brain was a Compaq 286 Portable. Andrew's got it in his Retirement Home For Struck-Off Doktors. You can find a description on the Personal Kit page. It had space inside for the ISA card which linked to an interface for midi (a Voyetra Technologies version of the MPU401) and FSK sync. The midi interface had one input and one output port. The Compaq 286 Portable was the main workhorse on 'Floodland'.

At around the time 'Floodland' was finished, we got a Compaq Portable III, a 386 with 640k RAM and a slightly bigger hard drive. We then bought a spare one from Trevor Horn (complete with some Pet Shop Boys sequences which his engineer had forgotten to erase) and last year we picked up a third - in the nick of time, as it turned out.
The Compaq Portable IIIs have a piggy-back box with slots for a midi interface card. Well, two of ours do. They have great plasma display panels and our machines have - until recently - been utterly reliable.

Recently, our first two Compaq Portable IIIs started failing. They're very old. Compatible spare parts are increasingly hard to find for motherboards like these, so we decided to completely renew the Doktor's head.

Regular laptops don't have slots for our interface cards; docking stations are a pain, and the combination is usually not rugged enough anyway. We borrowed a hugely expensive "ruggedized" laptop (with slots) from a very nice company down south - and promptly broke it. It was time to join the army.

After talking for some time to a very suspicious secretary, we managed to get through to the awfully nice people at a certain defence contractor in Leeds. Usually they make military-specification field devices for launching bad stuff at even badder people. That sounded appropriate, so once we'd discussed the possibility of razing Lancashire to the ground (which is apparently not an option right now), we asked them to put together a computer from the most primitive components currently available - which means a fast 486 motherboard - in a shock-resistant rackmounted enclosure, with auto-switching power and a plasma display. We wanted it to run DOS 3.3 and we wanted an identical spare rig, because cargo-handlers do more damage than the average military encounter, and we like to have one Doktor running while we're fixing the other. In extreme cases we can make one working Doktor out of two broken ones. We've never had to use the taped Doktor (DAT) which we carry for the ultimate emergency.

The new computers are custom-built, so the model doesn't have a name. We'll try to think of something that sits nicely with the rest of the super-destructive company catalogue.

Plasma displays are very hard to get at the moment, so we ended up with rather poor monochrome LCD panels. Soon we'll have to cough up considerably more cash and get some posh LCD panels which the Nurse can actually see on stage. Plasma's best. Regular computer monitors are simply too fragile for road use, although on longer tours we have bus-room to take one with us, wrapped in a very large towel.

The motherboards and the hardware are happy to talk to each other, but both of them were initially reluctant to talk to each other and DOS 3.3. We think we've coaxed them into it. DOS 3.3 is the world's best operating system for running sequencers - as long as those sequencers aren't necessarily expecting to find something more "advanced". DOS 3.3 won't let its timing or its very stability get confused by peripheral distractions that nobody actually needs (like Graphic User Interfaces). Our friend Mike who works with Erasure says that the tutu boys are still using old BBC computers for much the same reason.

Our next problem will come when the midi interfaces die of old age. Since the first Portable III we've been using Voyetra Technologies V24S midi interfaces, which have four midi input ports, four midi output ports (all of which are busy), audio trigger and SMPTE input/output. They don't make them anymore. It's time to see what other similarly-equipped interfaces the sequencer program will talk to as reliably as it talks to its stablemates. Somehow, we're not too optimistic.

If Adam has his way, the live Doktor might switch to running Logic on Apple Powerbooks or i-Books through Studio 5 interfaces on the modem port. There are a couple of Powerbooks whose interrupt handling is adequate for midi, but Andrew has his doubts about the hardware, the latency times and the stability of the sequencer/OS combination.
Sequencer Plus under DOS 3.3 has only ever crashed on us twice. Discounting hardware/power issues, it's never crashed during a gig. That's something the Atari/Mac community can only dream about.



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